abreast ad．并肩地，并排地
Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast (ad.) of jobs in a particular database；when you get e-mail，consider it a reminder to check the database again．[2004年阅读]
[译文]相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务来及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息；当你收到电子邮件时，你就把官当作一种提醒再去查一查资料库。
advisory a．顾问的，咨询的，劝告的
That group--the National Bioethics Advisory (a.) Commission (NBAC)--has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper，and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations． [1999年阅读]
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC)的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
affinity n．密切关系，吸引力
While history once revered its affinity (n.) to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. [1999年翻译]
[译文]当历史学曾经重视其与文学和哲学的密切关系时，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多探求新问题的机会，并且为了解过去提供了有价值的研究方法。
allegation n．主张，断言，辩解
Hearing allegations (n.) of cruelty to animals in research settings，many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm all animal．[2003年阅读]
[译文]当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
apprehensive a．①有理解力的；②忧虑的，担心的
What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards thee consolidation in the rail industry?
[D]Apprehensive (n．②)．[2003年阅读]
[译文]许多受控制的托运人对铁路部门的合并是什么态度?
[D]担心。
arbiter n．仲裁者，主宰者
“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters (n.) of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici. a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年阅读]
[译文]“我们是否真地想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者呢?”马丁•贝科维奇问道，他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
authorize v．批准
We can learn from the first paragraph that______．
[C]NBAC was authorized(v．)to control the misuse of cloning technique[1999年阅读]
[译文]从第一段我们可以了解到_______。
[C]NBAC被授权控制克隆技术的滥用
backbone n．脊椎，骨干，毅力
In other words，there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone(n.) and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news．[2001年阅读]
[译文]换言之，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，为纷繁复杂的新闻报道提供了一个主框架和一个现成的故事叙述结构。
bellyful n．满腹，满肚子，过量
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful (n.) of words and do not know a thing．”[2004年阅读]
[译文]拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性，“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。”
beneficence n．慈善，捐赠物
Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence (n．) of technological advance．[1996年阅读]
[译文]美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机械，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
bidding n．①命令；②出价，投标
Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding (n．①)so fascinating．[1998年阅读]
[译文]可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得让水听从人的调遣如此令人痴迷。
bombard vt．炮轰，攻击
At the same time，the American Law Institute--a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard (vt.) them with a lengthy list of possible ones． [1999年阅读]
[译文]与此同时，美国法学会一该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成一签署了新的民事侵害法纲要，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。
breakthrough n．突破
Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs(n.) that can be predicted．[2001年翻译]
[译文]通过研究，皮尔森能够指出大多数可预言的突破的时日。
broker n．经纪人
"Instead of 20 to 30 offers．now maybe you only get two or three，"says John Deadly，a Bay Area real-estate broker(n)．[2004年阅读]
[译文]海湾地区房地产经纪人约翰•梯尔迪说：“已经卖出二十到三十套，剩下的可能只有两三套了。”
byproduct n．副产品
By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”— the random byproducts (n.) of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年阅读]
[译文]到了20世纪70年代，神经学专家又转而把梦视作“精神上的杂音”一睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
capuchin n. (猴子的一种) 僧帽猴
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins (n.) and humans or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. [2005年阅读]
［译文］但是，这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的，还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的，这一问题尚没有定论。
carefree a．无忧无虑的，轻松愉快的
How do the public feel about title current economic situation?
[C]Carefree (a．)．[2004年阅读]
[译文]公众觉得目前经济形势如何?
[C]无忧无虑。
cataract n．①大瀑布；②白内障
Failing hips can be replaced，clinical depression controlled，cataracts (n．②) removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure．[2003年阅读]
[译文]髋骨不行了可以更换，临床的忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
centerpiece n．中心
The centerpiece (n.) of the argument of a technology-yes，genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution．[1994年翻译]
[译文]这场拥护“肯定技术否定天才”的争论的中心是对伽利略在科技革命初期的作用的分析。
charitable a．仁慈的，(为)慈善事业的，宽恕的
Today there are many charitable(a.) organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler．[1997年阅读]
[译文]如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲劳的旅行者。
chunk n．大块
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks (n.) of memorized poetry in their heads，while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. [2005年阅读]
[译文]俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言，并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌，而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲，这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
citizenry n．公民或市民(集合称)
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry (n.) will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress．[2003年阅读]
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真地有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
collectivism n．集体主义
It was moreover a step away from individual initiative，towards collectivism (n.) and
municipal and state-owned business．[1996年阅读]
[译文]而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化和向市营、国营迈出的一步。
commitment n．承诺，责任
(38：On the contrary) they can help students acquire a sense of commitment (n.) by (39：planning)for roles that are within their (40：capability) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules．[2003年完形]
[译文]正相反，成年人可以通过计划青少年参与的活动以及清晰表述规则来帮助他们树立责任感。
compassionate a．有同情心的
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate (a.)，understandable way-in human terms．not in the language of molecular biology．[2003年阅读]
[译文]科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众，并且要使用富有感情和通俗易懂的语言，即用通俗的语言，而不是使用分子生物学的语言。
compulsion n．强迫，强制
That compulsion (n.) has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines．[2002年阅读]
[译文]这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生 -- 一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。
connotation n．含蓄，内涵
Nevertheless，the word “amateur” does carry a connotation (n.) that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and，in particular，may not fully share its values．[2001年阅读]
[译文]但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
conclusive a．确实的；最后的，决定性的
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive(a.) evidence of a revival in the underlying trend．[1998年阅读]
[译文]问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的,因此，还不能作为一次确凿的证据来证实在这一潜在的趋势背后会出现经济复苏的迹象。
conformity n．一致，符合
Nor, if regularity and conformity(n.) to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect，is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team．”[1999年阅读]
[译文]如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到规律性和与某种标准模式的一致性，那么如果管理人员歧视研究人员中的“标新立异者”，而赞赏“擅长团队协作”的具有传统思维模式的人，那也是无可指责的。
cosmos n．宇宙
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos(n.)．[1998年翻译]
[译文]巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上