When all these shaping forces--schools，open attitudes，the premium system，a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich US mainland, they produced that American characteristic，emulation(n.)．[1996年阅读]
[译文]当所有这些成因一学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在美国大陆上相互结合时，便造就了美国人的特点--竞争。
ember n．灰烬，余烬
If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (n.) of medical progress． [2003年阅读]
[译文]如果好人无所作为，一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。
encompass v．包围，环绕，包含
By its very name，anthropology encompasses (v.) the study of all humankind．[2003年翻译]
[译文]根据名称本意，人类学包括对整个人类的研究。
enlist v．①参军，入伍；②获得(赞助，同情等)
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted (v．②) by the White House，to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made．[2005年阅读]
[译文]最近，国家科学院在白宫赞助下开了一次会，告诉大家地球的大气正在变暖，而且这一麻烦主要是人为的。
enthrone vt．①立…为王，使登基，任为主教，崇拜；vi．①热心
This development--and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead --has enthroned (vt.①) the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting．[1998年阅读]
[译文]这一发展--以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响--使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
entitlement n．权利
Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract．as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements (n.)．[1997年翻译]
[译文]有些哲学家认为，权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任和权益相交换的一部份。
entrenched a．确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)
It will not solve our problems，however，until it replaces traditional prescientific views，and these are strongly entrenched (a．)．[2002年翻译]
[译文]然而只有当这种技术手段取代传统科学出现前的观点时才能解决这些问题，而这些传统观念根深蒂固。
epithet n．绰号，称号
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet (n.) is in danger of becoming
meaningless．[1998年阅读]
[译文]一些观察者的确担心“反科学”这个词会失去意义。
equate vt．使相等，视为平等；vi．等同
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources，and to social science historians who equate (vt.) their activity with specific techniques．[1999年翻译]
[译文]这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史研究是具体方法的研究。
espionage n．间谍;侦探
Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” off espionage (n.)一spying as a “profession”．[2003年阅读]
[译文]多诺万相信，在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。
ethical a．伦理的，道德的
The most elementary form of moral reasoning--the ethical (a.) equivalent of learning to crawl-is to weigh others' interests against one's own．[1997年翻译]
[译文]道德推理的最基本形式一相当于人学习爬行的阶段的道德，就是权衡他人与自己的利益。
euthanasia n．安乐死
In Australia--where an aging population，life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part--other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia(n.)．[1997年阅读]
[译文]在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。
expectancy n．期待，期望
Americans’ life expectancy(n.) has nearly doubled over the past century．[2003年阅读]
[译文]在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。
explanatory a．说明的，解释性的
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory (a.) items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find．[2002年翻译]
[译文]行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
exotic a．异国情调的，外来的，奇异的
Other linguists in the earlier part of this century，however，who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic (a.)”language，were not always so grateful．[2004年翻译]
[译文]这一世纪早期，另外一些语言学家对此并无感激之情，因为他们并不对研究“另类”语言的奇异数据太感兴趣。
fallacy n．谬误，谬论
Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy (n.) mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation．[1999年翻译]
[译文]在自然科学领域里，这种现象也很普遍，技术谬误错误地将历史研究技术实施过程中的某些过程当成了历史研究的整体。
farfetched a．牵强的
However farfetched (a.) and unreasonable their principles may seem today，it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal．[2000年阅读]
[译文]不管他们的论断今天看起来是多么牵强，多么没道理，若干年后，人们可能会认为它们是正常的。
feverishly ad．兴奋地
That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC)--has been working feverishly (ad.) to put its wisdom on paper and at a meeting on 17 May，members agreed on a near--final draft of their recommendations． [1999年阅读]
[译文]这个名为“全国生物伦理道德顾问委员会”(NBAC )的小组一直在非常积极的工作，并将其意见写成报告；在5月17日的一次会议上，委员们就接近定稿的意见书取得了一致意见。
fissure n．裂缝，裂沟；v．(使)裂开，(使)分裂
As the dome grows，it develops deep fissures (n.) (cracks)；in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures，so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean[1998年阅读]
[译文]随着这个圆顶的增大，板块出现深深的裂缝。至少有几次，大陆可能会沿着其中的一些裂缝完全裂开,因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成。
forsake vt．放弃，抛弃
Computer-education advocates forsake (vt.) this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook．[1999年阅读]
[译文]倡导计算机教育的人抛弃了这一乐观理念，取而代之的是与他们乐观外表相悖的悲观论调。
frenzy n．狂暴，狂怒；vi．疯狂，狂热
In San Francisco，prices are still rising even as frenzied (vi.) overbidding quiets．[2004年阅读]
[译文]在旧金山，高价抢购现象虽然销声匿迹了，可价格依旧看涨。
genre n．类型，流派
Equally，in poetry，the highly personal，performative genre (n.) is the only form that could claim real liveliness．[2005年阅读]
[译文]同样地，在诗歌领域，惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。
gizmo n．小发明
As a result，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos (n.) whose presence we barely no
tice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．[2002年阅读]
[译文]因此，现代社会有了越来越多的智能装置，虽然我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳动。
gloom n．①阴暗，阴沉；②忧愁，忧郁；v．(使)变阴暗，忧伤地说
So where are the headlines warning of gloom (n．②) and doom this time?[2002年阅读]
[译文]那么，这一次警告人们经济衰退在劫难逃的新闻标题在哪里呢?
hallucinogen n．迷幻剂
Hallucinogens(n.) have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．[1997年阅读]
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
haunt v．(鬼魂)出没
As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R．Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University；and The Demon-Haunted (v.) World，by Carl Sagan of Cornell University．[1998年阅读]
[译文]由于科研经费减少，科学家已出了几本书来抨击“反科学”势力，比较著名的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗•R•格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼•莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔•萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。
hallucination n．幻觉，幻想
Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．[1997年阅读]
[译文]迷幻剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。
healthcare n．卫生保健
The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．[1997年完形]
[译文]这种现象可以使公司保持全球范围的竞争力，同时避免了市场的恶性循环和由于雇佣规定、医疗保险费用和养老金计划所造成的压力。
holodeck n．全息舱面
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．[2001年翻译]
[译文]再过不到30年，“星球旅行”号的全息舱面就会变为现实。
homicide n．杀人，杀人者
“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”[2002年阅读]
[译文]“这就像做手术，”他说，“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有故意杀死病人，尽管他们敢冒病人死亡的危险。假定你是一名医生，只要你并没有故意让病人自杀，你就可以去冒令你的病人自杀的风险。”
horrify v．使恐怖
That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．[1999年阅读]
[译文]这种前景让网络纯粹主义者感到不安。
hospice n．旅客住宿处，收容所
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．[2002年阅读]
[译文]医疗行业采取步骤，让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训，对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估，为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例，以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
humane a．仁慈的，人道的
Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．[2003年阅读]
[译文]科研机构应该对外开放，让人参观，向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。
husbandry n．畜牧业
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment--although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．[1999年阅读]
[译文]他(克林顿总统)宣称反对利用这种非同寻常的畜牧学技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦资金做这样的实验--尽管还没有人提议要那样做--并责令成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德•夏皮罗为首的独立专家小组，在90天内拿出有关克隆人的国家政策的建议，向白宫汇报。
hydroelectric a．水力电气的
Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．[1998年阅读]
[译文]水利发电、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。