一、概说：
《2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲(非英语专业)》对2005年大纲中的“阅读理解Part B (选择搭配题)”作了一些修订。在2005年，这一节只有一种题型，即7选5。在2006年的英语考试大纲中，这一节有三种备选题型，除了2005考过的7选5以外，还增加了两种备选题型。这两种备选题型主要测试考生对语段与语段之间逻辑上的一致性和连贯性的把握能力和小标题与段落内容一致性的识别能力。具体地说，新增的第一种备选题型要求考生重新排列段落顺序。在这种题型中，给出一篇长度约500 ～600词的文章，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7—8个)重新排序，其中有2～3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。新增的第二种备选题型是，在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6～7段文字或6～7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6～7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
二、新增题型的应试方法：
上述三种备选题型，每次考试只会从中选一种，不会全部都考。第一种备选题型的解题技巧请参阅《新编硕士研究生英语入学考试复习指导2006》P.433 – 434的题解。
第二种备选题型要求重新排列段落顺序，考生应注意把握语段之间的逻辑关系，如顺
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 – 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A – G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Make your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[2005年统考试题]
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts--recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But “national” doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial – provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a "'national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province – or a series of hospitals within a province – negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what they had to say about drugs. "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs."
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "'The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies."
[C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs t-tom one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
Exercise One (答案与译文)
[答案] 41. E 42. C 43. G 44. F 45. B
[参考译文]
在七月底的年会上，加拿大的首席官员们(各个省政府的省长们)如果对渥太华发了牢骚后还有喘息力气的话，不妨花点时间一起干些实事，想办法减少保健费用。
官员们对飞涨的健康预算牢骚满腹，这其中增长最快的莫过于医疗费用了。根据加拿大健康信息研究所提供的数据，从1997年以来，处方药价格的上涨速度是全国保健费用的两倍。部分原因是有些治疗手段已被某些药品所取代，另有部分原因则源于新药，因为其价格总比老药品价格要高，还有部分源自于不断上涨的药品价格。
怎么办？Romanow委员会和Kirby 保健委员会建议成立一个全国性药物机构。(这里就先不提其他专家们的报告了)所有的省份应该集中利用资源和首都渥太华一起创立一个全国性机构来取代原来各省的准用药物清单、官僚机构、繁琐的手续以及有限的讨价还价权。
“全国性”是什么意思呢？Roy Romanow 和Michael Kirby 参议员建议成立一个联邦
政府和省政府之间的机构，就像刚刚成立不久的“国家健康委员会”一样。
但是，“全国性”的含义也不一定是这样的。“全国性”也可以说是省际间的，也就是说，各省可以共同努力成立一个机构。
不管哪种方式，成立一个“全国性”代理机构的好处之一是：有可能的话，可以跟药品生产商们讨价还价，得到更低的价格。这个全国性机构可以代表所有省份去和生产商们讨价还价，而不像过去那样，每个省或者一个省内的几家医院为了准用药物清单上某种药和生产商讨价还价。
打个比方，魁北克省仅代表省内七百万人和药品生产商们去讨价还价，而这个全国性的机构可以代表三千一百万人去讨价还价。经济学原理认为：潜在消费人群越大，低价格的可能性就越大。
当然，医药公司会叫喊了。对于他们而言，单个的买主更好办，因为那样的话，他们可以更好地去游说买主。他们可以威胁把工作机会转移到另一省去。他们甚至可以寄希望于如果一个省把某种药品列入清单的话，其他省份将迫于压力而把该药品列入在即的准用药物清单中去。他们当然不喜欢一个全国性代理机构，但是，一旦出现了全国性机构，利益将驱动他们去应对。
由渥太华和各省共同出资成立的“加拿大健康技术评估协调处”标志着向一个全国性机构迈出了一小步。“常用药物评论”隶属于该机构，向每个省提供建议：究竟哪些新药应该出现在药物清单上。令人遗憾的是，魁北克拒绝加入，这一点也是可以预见的。
有些省的官员们对联邦和各省之间的交易表示怀疑。他们(尤其是魁北克和阿尔伯塔省的官员)只想让渥太华给他们额外拨数十亿加元的经费，而且最好不要有什么附加条件。这也是为什么迄今为止，这个“全国药物清单”计划没有任何进展的原因之一，而药品价格仍在不断攀升。
所以，如果各个省想要运作医疗保健机构的话，他们应该证明自己有此能力，从一个省际的保健单子开始，以结束各省药品重复的局面，节省管理费用，避免省与省之间发生争端，并且和医药公司谈判争取较低的药品价格。
各省的总理们喜欢选择性地引用Romanow先生的报告，尤其是涉及联邦的钱的那些部分。或许，他们也应该读一读Romanow先生关于药物费用的看法。Romanow先生说：一个全国性药物机构将使得各省政府可以对医药公司施加影响，努力制约不断攀升的药品成本。或者他们可以读一读Kirby先生的报告：这样一个代理机构的坚实购买力极有利于公共处方药保险计划同医药公司讨价还价，从而获得尽可能低的零售价。
所以，当省政府官员们在尼亚加拉大瀑布开会商讨如何向联邦政府抱怨时，他们也应该行动起来从司法上寻求对病人和自己更多的帮助。
Exercise Two (第二种题型)
该题型是一个排序题。要求考生将一组段落排序，使其意思通顺。这就要求考生在阅读各段落时要把握它们的中心大意，并将各段的大意整合，理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。
Directions : The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] "I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t – it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair -- too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don' t know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work. "
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. F
Exercise Two (答案与译文)
[答案] 41. C 42. E 43. A 44. B 45. D
说明：解段落排序题首先要看懂每段文章的内容，然后根据其内容的逻辑层次按先后顺序进行排列。为便于考生正确理解文章内容，现提供下列译文供参考。考生应反复阅读原文并参照译文，仔细推敲，直到准确把握各段内容的逻辑层次为止。
[参考译文]
一个大都市的市政府正在为整个城市各部门的行政人员、管理人员和/或主管人员举办许多研讨会。在一次研讨会上讨论的主题是激励机制 —— 如何激励公务员做好工作。一位警察局警长遇到的难题成了谈论的焦点。
“我与下属军官的关系上遇到一个难题。他们参加工作时年轻、没有经验，因而我们派他们出去上街，或者乘车或者步行巡逻。他们似乎喜欢和公众接触、喜欢参与防止犯罪的行动和拘押罪犯。他们也喜欢在火灾、事故现场和其他紧急情况下帮助人们摆脱困境。
“问题发生在他们回到警察局来的时候。他们讨厌写公文。由于他们不喜欢写公文，所以这种工作常常被推迟或做得不够好。这种不专心致志后来到了法庭开庭时会使我们很不痛快。我们需要清楚的、实事求是的报告。这些报告必须是详尽的并且不是模棱两可的。一旦一个报告的某一部分显得不充分或者不正确，那么这个报告的其他部分也会令人生疑。报告不清楚与任何其他因素相比会使我们在更多的案件中败诉。
“我真不知道如何激励他们把工作做得更好。我们正处在年度预算的紧急关头，我绝对没有经济报酬供我支配。实际上，在不久的将来我们或许将不得不临时裁减一些人员。我很难使这项工作变得令人感兴趣并具有挑战性，因为它并不是这样。它是令人厌倦的日常公文工作，这是你没有什么办法的事。
“最后，我不能对他们说，他们的职务晋升将取决于他们的公文报告写得好不好。首先，他们知道这并不真实。如果他们的表现很到位，他们大多数人在工作岗上呆若干年就可能得到提拔，而未必要有具体的杰出行动。其次，他们是被训练来做街头的值勤工作的，而不是填填表格的。在他们整个职业生涯中只有拘捕和仲裁工作才值得注意。
“有些人已经提议通过胜诉记录的事情来作为评价警察行为的标准。然而，我们知道，那是不公平的,因为还涉及到许许多多其他的因素。公文写得不好增加了法庭上败诉的可能性，但是公文写得好未必意味着你会胜诉。我们曾试过根据公文报告的优劣来进行小组之间的竞赛，但小伙子们很快就明白了存在的问题。没有人因为赢了比赛而得到任何奖励，因而他们认为，既然没有回报，那为什么要白辛苦呢。
“因此我不知道该怎么办。我已经在黑暗中摸索了若干年。因此我希望，在这次研讨会上对这个问题能得到一些启发并帮助我做好未来的工作。”
Exercise Four (第三种题型)
该题型主要考查考生区分论点、论据，把握论点论据一致性的能力。该题型要求考生根据文章内容，从多个选项中找到能支持相应论点的论据。这就要求考生理解各个论点/观点的重点和含义，并能找出与论点一致的论据。
Directions: You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41—45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar“tombstone”that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the“functional”resume — descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It’s handy to have a“tombstone”for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested“tombstone”lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read — a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch — if only you show it.
43. Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that “brevity is the best policy.”
44. Turn bad news into good:
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.
45. Never apologize:
If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of a11. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you’re satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: “Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available.”
[B] One resume I received included the following: “invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion.” Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward -- all in 34 words.
[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.
[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement “Ready to learn though not
so well educated.”
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.
[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered, “It wasn’t important.” What she was really saying of course was “I’m not important.”
Exercise Four (答案与译文)
[答案] 41. F 42. C 43. B 44. A 45. D
[说明] 本文讲述如何写好个人的简历。题目中把例子从文章中剥离出来，要求考生能将其还原，恢复其原来面貌。
首先，我们要通读全文，了解大意。作者在文中强调好的简历应该是“functional”，应该是读起来有趣，具有个性的。在文章中，作者给出了具体的招数。每个着数都有小标题，解释和举例。在这儿，考生应该明白的是，英语文章中的小标题不一定等同于论点或段落总结句。小标题一般都较短，较简洁，有些小标题为了吸引读者注意力，用词较夸张，或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做题时，不能慌慌张张地看了小标题就去找答案。应该结合正文理解观点的含义。
第一点，“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢? 下面的句子进行了解释，“要想让自己的简历使读的人充满热情，那么你首先就要觉得自己是个人物”。 选项中哪个能进一步说明这一点呢? 论证方法是多样的。作者举例说明时，可能从正面角度，也可能从反面角度。[F]项就是从反面说明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明，不要认为自己做过的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢?
第二点，“Sell what you can do, not who you are”。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的文字进一步说明了，“要学会把自己的个性和成就诠释成具体的技能，世界上有至少5000种技能”(意思是，你总能找到一种自己拥有的技能)。文后的例子中只有[C]项最贴切，“例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。”
第三点，“Be specific, be concrete，and briefly!”一言以蔽之：简洁。哪个选项说明了这一点呢? [B]项以一个成功的例子说明了这点，一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了。
第四点，“Turn bad news into good”(将坏消息变成好消息)。这不是要让人颠倒黑白，下面解释道：“每个人在工作中总有不尽人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、正面的角度去看。”[A]选项就是一个正面的例子。一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇。这似乎不大光彩，但是这位女士谈起此事时却用了另一个角度，“校长说了.如果政府的资金够的话，她唯一想重聘的人就是我”，字里行间洋溢着自信。
第五点，“Never apologize”(不要道歉)。下面的文字举例说明了，要扬长避短。每个人都有短处，没有必要为自己的短处羞愧。求职就是要让雇主看到自己的闪光点，个人简历不是进行道歉的地方。[D]项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点：作者的一位朋友说他求职时遭到了歧视，因为他的简历中写了“好学，但教育程度不高”。 [摘自教育部考试中心“考试分析”]
[参考译文]
写个人简历的主要目的是说服雇主给你安排一次面试。简历有两种。一种是大家熟悉的“墓碑式的”，其中按年代顺序列出你在何处上学、何处工作过。另一种我把它叫做“实用的”简历 —— 描述性的、 有可读性的、反映你与众不同的特点，因而更有可能使雇主给你面试的机会。
对某些场合来说“墓碑式的”简历便于使用。但是未来的雇主把大多数未经请求的“墓碑式的”简历束之高阁，而宁愿面试那些灵活的求职者而不是死板的求职者。
下面是几条写实用的老板会读的简历的建议，也就是说，一篇使你显得栩栩如生、让老板觉得很有兴趣的个人简历。
把自己往前放：
要想让自己的简历使读的人充满热情，那么你首先就要觉得自己是个人物。一位妇女向我谈到她的老板面临的现金周转危机。她曾同意在生意好转以前不拿工资干三个月。她后来得到的报酬是原有工资外加20%的红利。我问她为什么不把那个生动的故事放到她的简历里呢。她回答说，“那无关紧要。”当然她真正要说的是“我并不重要。”
要强调你的能力而不是你的个性：
要练习学会把自己的个性特点、品格和成就诠释成具体的技能。在就业界至少有5000种技能(意思是，你总能找到一种自己拥有的技能)。例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。
按响你自己的喇叭！
许多人在问到他们的才能时不知所措。有些人认为，他们根本没有才能。但是每个人都是有的；你的才能之一正好是一张一位老板将乐意打孔的票(意为：你的才能之一正好是一位老板所要雇你的原因)，如果你把它表现出来的话。
要具体、简洁！
记住“简洁是最明智的办法。
我曾收到过一份简历，它包括下列内容：“被上司邀请解决公司应收账款，制定有序偿还计划，每周平账，使现金流动翻番，受到提薪和升职奖励。”主义这位妇女是如何注重事情的结果的，具体说明她如何取得这些成果，并提到她所获得的奖励——一共只用了34个字。
把坏消息变成好消息：
每个人在工作中都有过不尽人意的事。如果你不得不提到这些事，那么从积极的正面的角度去看。
一个因为政府缩减资金而被解雇的女助教写道：“校长说了，如果政府的资金够的话，她唯一想重聘的人就是我。”
不要道歉：
你若作为一个家长15年后又回到工作岗位，那就写一小段(背景摘要)，代之以一份按年份排列的经历表。不要因为当了一段母亲而道歉；这是最难做的事。假如你没有接受过专门培训或高等教育，那就干脆别提教育的事。
一个熟人抱怨说他求职时遭到了歧视，因为他的简历中写了“好学，但教育程度不高”。
秘诀是在你介绍自己以前先好好想一想你自身。腾出4 – 5个小时来，未必是连续的，记下你一生中的每件成就，在职时的或非在职时的，这些成就使你感到有底气了。起初，不要为这些事情的含意操心。研究一下这张简历表并找出规律来。随着你一面研究你的简历表，你会更清楚地了解其含义：确定你有市场价值的那些技能。一旦你发现了规律，你就为你的一大堆成绩命名(领导技能、理财技能、儿童发展技能等等)。在相同技能的标题下至少要列出三项成就。现在开始写你的简历，似乎你是个重要人物。在你准备拿给一个陌生人(朋友通常是太客气了)看以便征求反映以前，可能需要四易其稿，或者更多，并需要七周。当你满意了，把它寄给印刷者；一份印刷的简历比印影件强多了。它向雇主表明，你把求职看作是一件非常严肃的工作并且要做好。
那是不是你需要为你工作的那种人呢？