but ((除…之外)

　　Who but a fool would do such a thing?

　　I have nothing but a book in my hand.

　　I’m the last but one to get here.

　　by(经过)

　　She passed by me without saying goodbye to me.

　　The woman is standing by the door.

　　By the time we got to the station， the train had left.

　　By the end of the year， we have trained 400 people.

　　I came here by taxi. (by bus， by plane， by ship， on foot)

　　The girl isn’t an actress by profession. (actor 男演员)

　　What’s the time by your watch?

　　This novel is written by Charles Dickens.

　　Consumer goods production will go up by 6 % this year.

　　I met him by chance yesterday. (by chance 偶尔碰到)

　　We all have to abide by the rules. (abide by 遵守)

　　By the way， where is the teacher? (by the way 顺便说一下)

　　In order to pass the exam， we have to learn the texts by heart.

　　At the age of ten she began to live by herself.(by oneself 独自)